The First Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a finding of summary judgment in favor of the City of Sandown, New Hampshire, its former police chief and a police officer. Ralph Holder and his estranged wife attended their son’s soccer game. During the game it started to rain and Mr. Holder asked his wife if she had brought a long sleeve shirt for their son. She said she hadn’t. A verbal confrontation commenced. Eventually Ms Holder bumped her husband and he instinctively pushed her away.

Ms Holder called the police. When the officers arrived Ms Holder told them that her husband had pushed her. Mr. Holder then told the officers that his wife had initiated the verbal confrontation and that she made the initial contact. He urged them to talk to nearby witnesses. He was then arrested and charged with simple assault. After the arrest the officers spoke to a couple of witnesses. None of the witnesses saw the confrontation but one said he heard that Ms Holder initiated the dispute.

The trial court granted summary judgment and Mr. Holder appealed on Fourth Amendment grounds as applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment.

An arrest violates the Fourth Amendment if is not based on probable cause. Probable cause exists when

at the time of the arrest, the “facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge . . . are sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or one of reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.

Probable cause requires only a probability that the arrestee committee the crime. Certainty is not necessary.The officer’s decision needs only to be reasonable.

According to the court the officers have no duty to check out the suspect’s defenses. Once they decide that probable cause exists and they can do that solely on the allegation of the alleged victim, they do not have to talk to witnesses or otherwise investigate whether or not the suspect committed the offense.

Mr. Holder further argued that New Hampshire law requires the officer to determine who was the primary physical aggressor. The law states

an arrest for abuse may be made without a warrant upon probable cause, whether or not the abuse is committed in the presence of the peace officer. When the peace officer has probable cause to believe that the persons are committing or have committed abuse against each other, the officer need not arrest both persons, but should arrest the person the officer believes to be the primary physical aggressor. In determining who is the primary physical aggressor, an officer shall consider the intent of this chapter to protect the victims of domestic violence, the relative degree of injury or fear inflicted on the persons involved, and any history of domestic abuse between these persons if that history can reasonably be obtained by the officer.

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 173-B:10, II.

But according to the First Circuit a state may impose restrictions on arrest greater than what is demanded by the Fourth Amendment. But the Federal court need not consider state law. It is limited to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment, Since the Fourth Amendment only requires that the officer determine whether probable cause exists and since based upon Ms Holder’s statement probable cause existed summary judgment was properly granted.

The charges against Mr. Holder were eventually dismissed. But he had to suffer the consequences of being arrested. Perhaps he spent some time in jail. He may have had to hire a lawyer. If he had money he may have had to pay for a bail bond. He could have had consequences on his job due to time missed either while in jail or attending court appearances. His wife may have gotten a restraining order preventing hem from seeing his son. His child support may have been raised if as a result of the arrest he was not able to share custody or have visitation with his son.

All of this could have been prevented if the police had done a thorough investigation before arresting Holder. As a result of the grant of summary judgment Holder is not entitled to any compensation for the poor investigation prior to his arrest.